Spatial distribution of food insecurity in urban and rural areas of Iran

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 PhD student , Tarbiat Modares University,Tehran,iran.

2 associate professor Department of Agricultural Economics, Tarbiat Modares University

3 associate professor of the Department of Agricultural Economics, Tarbiat Modares University

Abstract

Food insecurity means limited or unreliable access to adequate and healthy food in terms of nutrition or limited ability to access food through socially acceptable means. Impairment of physical and mental health and chronic illness are potential consequences of food insecurity. Therefore, in the present study, using the raw data of household expenditure and income sampling plan, the food insecurity situation in urban and rural areas of Iran's provinces in 2019 was investigated. To assess food insecurity, the FGT index was calculated and different regions of the provinces were ranked according to these indicators and finally a food insecurity map was prepared. The results of food insecurity indices related to access to the amount of calories and protein required by the body showed that the prevalence of food insecurity in urban areas is higher than rural areas. The prevalence of food insecurity in urban areas in terms of access to calories and protein required by the body is 42.17 and 37.34%, respectively. These figures for rural areas are 35.93 and 33.06 percent, respectively. The results also show that the percentage of households that receive less protein than their daily requirement is lower than households that do not have access to the minimum calories needed by the body. Therefore, according to the results of the present study, it is suggested that the development and implementation of macro-policies to reduce food insecurity, especially in the provinces that are in a more unfavorable situation, should be considered. Also, monitoring the nutritional status of the community by collecting periodic information, stabilizing food prices, monitoring the trend of food insecurity changes at the macro level and at the provincial level and reporting to the relevant authorities can help them in planning to improve the health of different segments of society.

Keywords

References

Abebaw, D., Yibeltal, F., and Belay, K., (2010), The impact of a food security program on household food consumption in Northwestern Ethiopia: A matching estimator approach, Food Policy 35 (2010) 286–293.
Akbari, MR., Pish Bahar., E and Dashti, Q. (2020). Identifying the factors affecting food insecurity in rural Iran: Application of generalized sequential logit model. Iranian Journal of Applied Economic Studies. 9 (35). 91-125. (In Farsi)
Akbarpour, Maryam., Mahdavi Damghani, A., Dehim Fard, R. and Veisi, Hadi (2017). The role of milk, fruit and vegetable consumption patterns on food security. Volume 16, Number 6, 726-733. (In Farsi)
Álvares, L., & Amaral, T. F. (2014). Food insecurity and associated factors in the Portuguese population Food and Nutrition Bulletin, 35(4), 395S402.
Azami, M., Hashemi Amin, N. and Soroush Mehr, H (2017). Assessing food insecurity in rural households and the factors affecting it in Khuzestan province: a case study of Bostan rural district. Rural and Development Quarterly, Volume 20, Number 4, 73-94. (In Farsi)
Cheema, A. R., & Abbas, Z. (2016). DETERMINANTS OF FOOD INSECURITY IN PAKISTAN: Evidence from PSLM 2010-11. Pakistan Journal of Applied Economics, Vol.26 No.2, (183-213).
Cook, J., & Frank, D. (2008). Food security, poverty, and human development in the United States. Annals of the new York Academy of Sciences, 1136(1), 193.
Endris, N., Asefa, H., & Dube, L. (2017). Prevalence of malnutrition and associated factors among children in rural Ethiopia. BioMed Research International, 2017, 1– 6.
Erinle, K. O., Ogwu, M. C., Evivie, S. E., Zaheer, M. S., Ogunyemi, S. O., & Adeniran, S. O. (2021). Impacts of COVID-19 on agriculture and food security in developing countries: potential mitigation strategies. South Asia, 30, 13.
FAO (2001). Handbook for defining and setting up a food security information and early warning systein (FSIEWS). New York: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
Feleke, A., & Bogale, A. (2009). Determinants and Dimensions of household food insecurity in Dire Dawa Town, Ethiopia. East African Journal of Sciences, 3(2).
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, (2012). The State of Food Insecurity in the World, 2012. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.
Gazuma, E. G., & Astatike, A. A. (2019). Socioeconomic Determinants of Food Insecurity Among Rural Households in Wolaita Zone, Southern Ethiopia. Economics, 8(2), 55-61.
Gebre, G.G. (2012), "Determinants of Food Insecurity among Households in Addis Ababa City, Ethiopia," Interdisciplinary Description of Complex Systems, Vol. 10 No. 2, pp. 159-173.
Hoddinott, J. (2001). Methods for rural development projects. Food Security in Practice. International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, D.C..
Hoddinott, J., and Y. Yohannes, (2002). “Dietary diversity as a food security indicator”. Food and Nutrition Technical Assistance, Academy for Educational Development. Washington, D.C.
Jafari Thani, M. and Bakhshudeh, M (2008). Investigating the Spatial Distribution of Poverty and Food Insecurity of Urban and Rural Households by Province in Iran. Volume 16 Number 61, 103-123. (In Farsi)
Kashif, M., Awang, Z., Walsh, J. and Altaf, U. (2015). I’m loving it but hating US: understanding consumer emotions and perceived service quality of US fast food brands. British Food Journal, 117(9): 2344-2360.
Kian, F., Farhadian, H. and Choobchian, Sh. (2016) Investigating the food security of urban households in Alborz province. Iranian Journal of Food Science and Technology. 13 (55): 167-179. (In Farsi)
Kimiagar, M. and Bajan, M. (2005). Poverty and malnutrition in Iran. Social Welfare Quarterly, Fifth Year, No.18: 91-112. (In Farsi)
Koohi, K. (2014). Food insecurity and social capital. Bioethics Quarterly, Fourth Year, No.11: 161-192. (In Farsi)
Mannaf, M., & Uddin, M. T. (2012). Socioeconomic factors influencing food security status of miaze growing households in selected areas of Bogra district. Bangladesh Journal of Agricultural Economics, 35(454-2016-36355), 177-187.
Migotto, M., Davis, B., Carletto, G., and Beegle, K., (2005), Measuring Food Security Using Respondents’ Perception of Food Consumption Adequacy, ESA Working Paper No. 05-10, September 2005.
Mitiku, A., Fufa, B., & Tadese, B. (2012). Empirical analysis of the determinants of rural household’s food security in Southern Ethiopia: The case of Shashemene District. Basic Research Journal of Agricultural Science and Review, 1(6), 132-138.
Mohammadzadeh, A Dorosti Motlagh, AR. and Ashraqian MR. (2010). The relationship between food security and socio-economic factors and adolescent weight status. Iranian Nutrition Sciences and Food Industry. 5 (1): 55-62. (In Farsi)
Morris, L. M., Smith, S., Davis, J., & Null, D. B. (2016). The prevalence of food security and insecurity among Illinois university students. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior, 48(6), 376-382.
Najafi, B. and Shushtarian, A. (2004). Targeting Subsidies and Eliminating Food Insecurity: A Case Study of Arsanjan, Business Research Journal, Volume 8, Number 31, 127-151. (In Farsi)
Nuru, N. Y., & Gereziher, H. Y. (2020). Analysis of Urban Households’ Food Insecurity in Eastern Zone of Tigray Regional State, Ethiopia. Daagu International Journal of Basic & Applied Research-DIJBAR. Volume2, Issue-1, pp (75-88) Corresponding Author: Naser Yenus Nuru Email: nyenus23@ gmail. com Received, 22(03).
Pakravan, MR., Hosseini, Seyed S,. Salami, H. and Yazdani S. (2015). Identifying the factors affecting food security of urban and rural households in Iran. Iranian Agricultural Economics and Development Research. 46 (3). 395-408. (In Farsi)
Purtaheri, M.,Talebi, H. and Rokanuddin Eftekhari, A. (2011). Analysis of Economic and Social Factors Affecting Rural Poverty Reduction with Emphasis on Food Poverty: Khalajistan Section of Qom Province, Quarterly Journal of Teacher of Humanities (Spatial Planning and Planning), 2 (15), 61-80. (In Farsi)
Ramesh, T., Dorosti Motlagh, AR. And Abdollahi, M. (2009). Prevalence of food insecurity in households in Shiraz and the relationship between some socio-economic and demographic factors in 2008. Iranian Journal of Nutrition Sciences and Food Industry, 4 (4): 53-64. (In Farsi)
Rossi, M., Ferre, Z., Curutchet, M. R., Giménez, A., & Ares, G. (2017).Influence of sociodemographic characteristics on different dimensions of household food insecurity in Montevideo, Uruguay. Public health Nutrition. 2014). 620-629.
Salarkia, N., Abdollahi, M., Amini, M. and Neyestani, T.R. (2014). An adapted Household Food Insecurity Access Scale is a valid tool as a proxy measure of food access for use in urban Iran. Food Security, 6(2): 275-282.
Skoufias, E. (2001), Changes in regional inequality and social welfare in Indonesia from 1996 to 1999, In Journal of International Development Volume 13, Issue 1, Pages 73 – 91.
Smith, M. D., & Meade, B. (2019). Who Are the World’s Food Insecure? Identifying the Risk Factors of Food Insecurity Around the World. Amber Waves: The Economics of Food, Farming, Natural Resources, and Rural America, 2019(1490-2020-721).
Stephens, E. C., Jones, A. D., & Parsons, D. (2018). Agricultural systems research and global food security in the 21st century: An overview and roadmap for future opportunities. Agricultural Systems, 163, 1-6.
Sustainable Development Goals (2016). Javaherian, Z., Vahdati, Seyed AF., Rahmati, A. and Zamani L; Commissioned by the Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Sustainable Development and Environmental Economics. (In Farsi)
UNICEF. (2020); Micronutrient Initiative. Vitamin and Mineral Deficiency: A Global Progress Report. Available online: https://www.unicef.org/media/files/vmd.pdf (accessed on 2 December 2020).
Welderufael, M. (2014). Determinants of households vulnerability to food insecurity in Ethiopia: econometric analysis of rural and urban households. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development, 5(24), 70-79.
World Bank. (2021). https://data.worldbank.org/

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics