ارزیابی صرفه جویی هزینه ای در صنایع تبدیلی کشاورزی: تاکید بر دو رویکرد تجربه نیروی کار و یادگیری تولیدی

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

استادیار گروه اقتصاد دانشگاه پیام نور، تهران ایران

چکیده

صنایع تبدیلی و فرآوری تولیدهای کشاورزی به‌دلیل اینکه در تامین نیازهای مصرفی خانوار و زنجیره غذایی مردم جامعه اهمیت راهبردی دارد از جمله مهم‌ترین گروه‌های صنعتی مؤثر بر رشد اقتصادی کشورهای درحال توسعه بشمار می‌رود؛ تجربه کشورهای جهان نشان داده که ساختار هزینه در بخش‌های مختلف اقتصاد متأثر از توسعه مهارت و دانش نهادینه شده در نیروی خلاق و نوآور است؛ بنابراین این تحقیق با هدف محوری سنجش میزان صرفه‌جویی هزینه‌ای صنایع تبدیلی کشاورزی با توجه به تجربه نیروی‌کار و میزان پیشروی دانش انجام شده است. بدین‌منظور از داده‌های تلفیقی 18 زیربخش صنعتی کشاورزی در بازه زمانی 1398-1381 و الگوی پویای خودرگرسیون با وقفه توزیعی پانلی (PARDL) برای برآورد مدل استفاده شد. نتایج صرفه‌جویی هزینه‌ای با منشأ یادگیری تولیدی دلالت برآن دارد که در هر دو دوره کوتاه‌مدت و بلندمدت فرایند یادگیری با نرخ 83/0 و سرعت تعدیل به تعادل بلندمدت بالا نقش چشمگیری در پیشرفت تجربه و توسعه دانش داشته و ضمن تحقق صرفه مقیاس منجر به کاهش هزینه متوسط هر واحد تولید شده است. از سوی دیگر نتایج برآورد صرفه‌جویی هزینه نیروی‌کار گویای آن است که با توسعه تجربه و مهارت نیروی‌کار بازدهی نسبت به مقیاس ثابت است و میزان صرفه‌جویی هزینه‌ای نیروی‌کار در بلندمدت نسبت به دوره کوتاه‌مدت بیشتر بوده و در هر دوره فعالیت نیروی‌کار 6/44 درصد از شکاف بین تعادل کوتاه‌مدت و بلندمدت کاهش می‌یابد؛ به‌طور کلی در هر دوره با دو برابر شدن تولید تراکمی به‌طور متوسط صرفه‌جویی‌ هزینه‌ای تولید 32 درصد و میانگین هزینه‌ هر واحد نیروی‌کار به میزان 20 درصد سطح پیش از آن کاهش می‌یابد. از این‌رو شناسایی منبع‌های موثر در تحقق یادگیری، رشد استارت‌آپ‌های فناوری محور، ارتقای مهارت شاغلان از طریق آموزش، برگزاری کارگاه‌ها و دوره‌های ضمن خدمت پیشنهاد و تأکید می‌شود.

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موضوعات

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